Polyergus rufescens

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Polyergus rufescens
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Insecta
Order: Hymenoptera
Family: Formicidae
Subfamily: Formicinae
Tribe: Formicini
Genus: Polyergus
Species group: rufescens-breviceps
Species: P. rufescens
Binomial name
Polyergus rufescens
(Latreille, 1798)

Polyergus rufescens casent0010688 profile 1.jpg

Polyergus rufescens casent0010688 dorsal 1.jpg

Specimen labels

Synonyms

The lone European Polyergus species, Polyergus rufescens has a wide range that extends to western Asia.

At a Glance • Dulotic  

Photo Gallery

  • Polyergus rufescens struggling on a sand dune, near Griesheim, Germany. Photo by Philipp Hönle.
  • The slave-maker Polyergus rufescens carrying a stolen pupa back to her nest. Photo by Philipp Hönle.

Identification

Trager (2013): This is the unique Polyergus species of Europe and western temperate Asia, and appears morphologically to be closely related to the breviceps group, particularly the essentially Mexican species Polyergus topoffi. Future genetic study should deepen our understanding of the relationships of this apparent outlier of what is otherwise a western North American group, distinguished from all other red Polyergus by its Eurasian distribution. It is most similar to Polyergus topoffi among the American species, differing by its slightly (average) narrower head and petiole, and denser, more regular array of bent or strongly flexuous, decumbent pilosity on the first tergite. Specimens from western and especially southwestern Europe are darker in color than those from Asia. Populations of central western Europe have a more pilose vertex than those from the Iberian Peninsula, northern and eastern Europe, and central Asia (½ VeM usually 2–12, compared to ½ VeM 0–2). Lighter color and reduced pilosity were noted as characteristic of the subspecies tianschianicus in Kuznetsov-Ugamsky’s (1927) description, but in fact, color variation seems to be a west to east clinal feature, and the reduced pilosity is a characteristic of peripheral populations, as it is also found in samples from the far west of the range. Thus, the two traits do not covary. In any case, the subspecies are indistinguishable by any other ecological, metric or obvious morphological characters; hence, Trager's (2013) synonymy of this subspecies.

Keys including this Species

Distribution

Trager (2013): Found from Atlantic western Europe east to mountains of western China and “Central Asia”. Extending to 57°N and 88°E, then south to the Caspian, Black, and Mediterranean Coasts.

Latitudinal Distribution Pattern

Latitudinal Range: 59.987998° to 37.118611°.

 
North
Temperate 		North
Subtropical 		Tropical South
Subtropical 		South
Temperate

Distribution based on Regional Taxon Lists

Palaearctic Region: Albania, Armenia, Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Bulgaria, China, Croatia, Czechia (type locality), France (type locality), Georgia, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iberian Peninsula, Italy, Kazakhstan (type locality), Kyrgyzstan, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, North Macedonia, Republic of Moldova, Romania, Russian Federation, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Türkiye.

Distribution based on AntMaps

AntMapLegend.png

Distribution based on AntWeb specimens

Check data from AntWeb

Countries Occupied

Number of countries occupied by this species based on AntWiki Regional Taxon Lists. In general, fewer countries occupied indicates a narrower range, while more countries indicates a more widespread species.
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Estimated Abundance

Relative abundance based on number of AntMaps records per species (this species within the purple bar). Fewer records (to the left) indicates a less abundant/encountered species while more records (to the right) indicates more abundant/encountered species.
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Biology

Trager (2013): The “classical” summaries of the behavior of this ant are from Huber (1810) and Wheeler (1910). In the last decade or so, a number of papers, especially those by le Moli’s Laboratory in Italy, have refined our knowledge of this species, particularly regarding the role of secondary compounds in regulating their behavior (Castracani et al. 2003, 2005, 2008; Grasso et al. 2003, 2004, 2005; Le Moli et al. 2001; Romani et al. 2006; Visicchio et al. 2001, 2003, 2007). The following natural history is paraphrased from a summary kindly provided by Bernhard Seifert (pers. comm., 2009) “P. rufescens is characteristic of dry, semi-dry and sparse grasslands of any sort that supports sufficiently dense host populations. Hosts vary geographically and include a variety of species: Formica cunicularia (16 observations), Formica fusca (12), Formica rufibarbis (10), Formica clara (3), Formica gagates (3) and Formica cinerea (1). Local host species preferences are obvious, and considering the whole distributional range, host species selection appears to be a trade-off between host species abundance and mortality risk—strong and aggressive colonies of F. clara and F. cinerea are only attacked in the absence of less resistant alternatives. In many regions of Central Asia, F. clara is a main host, as it is a dominant species there and has smaller workers than in Central Europe.” And from Roland Schultz (pers. comm., 2012) “The host of P. rufescens in cases from Kyrgyzstan, Kazakhstan and western China is F. clara. Formica clara is the most common “Serviformica” in the high steppes of the Tianshan Mountains of China and Kyrgyzstan, at the altitudes in which also Polyergus appears, below 2500 m. In one case, Seifert found 5 workers of F. exsecta, including one freshly eclosed from the pupa, among a lot of F. clara and P. rufescens.” In a sample from the Tarbagatai Mountains Kazakhstan, Schulz confirmed a mix of F. clara and F. rufibarbis as hosts. In addition, I have series from the Pyrenees with Formica gerardi, where this is the most abundant potential host. Seifert’s abundance/trade-off hypothesis seems plausible and testable; there is much opportunity for careful study of host selection in this species (as also in the quite polylectic North American Polyergus mexicanus).

Brunner et al. (2005) studied male worker production in P. rufescens and insights it provides for our understanding of reproductive conflict in social insects. Abstract: In insect societies, workers cooperate but may also pursue their individual interests, such as laying viable male eggs. The case of obligatory slave-making ants is of particular interest because workers do not engage in maintenance activities and foraging. Therefore, worker egg laying is expected to be less detrimental for colony efficiency than in related, nonparasitic species. Furthermore, as slave-making workers usually do not perform brood care and thus might have little power in manipulating sex allocation, they might be more strongly selected to increase their direct fitness by producing their own sons than workers in nonparasitic species. In this study we investigated worker reproduction in four natural colonies of the slave-making ant Polyergus rufescens, using highly variable microsatellite markers. Our results show that workers produce up to 100% of the males. This study thus presents the first direct evidence of an almost complete takeover of male reproduction by workers in ants.

List of Known Hosts

This species is known to enslave the following species:

Association with Other Organisms

Explore-icon.png Explore: Show all Associate data or Search these data. See also a list of all data tables or learn how data is managed.
  • This species is a xenobiont for the ant Formicoxenus nitidulus (a xenobiont) (Wilson 1971; Martin et al. 2007).
  • This species is a xenobiont for the ant Lasius umbratus (a xenobiont) in Poland (Czechowski & Rotkiewicz, 1997; Kanizsai et al., 2013) (Clearings in a pine forest. In the sandy soil.).
  • This species is a host for the braconid wasp Elasmosoma luxemburgense (a parasitoid) (Quevillon, 2018) (encounter mode primary; direct transmission; transmission outside nest).

Flight Period

X X X
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Source: antkeeping.info.

Explore-icon.png Explore: Show all Flight Month data or Search these data. See also a list of all data tables or learn how data is managed.

Castes

Worker

Images from AntWeb

Polyergus rufescens casent0010688 head 2.jpg
Worker. Specimen code casent0010688. Photographer April Nobile, uploaded by California Academy of Sciences. Owned by UCDC, Davis, CA, USA.
Polyergus rufescens casent0173859 head 1.jpgPolyergus rufescens casent0173859 profile 1.jpgPolyergus rufescens casent0173859 dorsal 1.jpgPolyergus rufescens casent0173859 label 1.jpg
Worker. Specimen code casent0173859. Photographer April Nobile, uploaded by California Academy of Sciences. Owned by CAS, San Francisco, CA, USA.

Nomenclature

The following information is derived from Barry Bolton's Online Catalogue of the Ants of the World.

  • rufescens. Formica rufescens Latreille, 1798: 44 (w.q.) FRANCE. Schenck, 1852: 70 (m.); Forel, 1874: 137 (gynandromorph); André, 1882b: 163 (w.q.m.); Wheeler, G.C. & Wheeler, J. 1968: 214 (l). Combination in Polyergus: Latreille, 1804: 179. Senior synonym of testacea: Smith, F. 1858b: 57; tianschanicus: Trager, 2013: 510. Current subspecies: nominal plus laeviceps, mexicanus. See also: Stitz, 1939: 369; Hölldobler, 1985: 225; Trager, 2013: 510.
  • testacea. Formica testacea Fabricius, 1804: 400 (q.) CZECHOSLOVAKIA. [Unresolved junior primary homonym of Formica testacea Gmelin, in Linnaeus, 1790: 2804.] Junior synonym of rufescens: Smith, F. 1858b: 57.
  • tianschanicus. Polyergus rufescens subsp. tianschanicus Kuznetsov-Ugamsky, 1927c: 41, figs. 1-6 (w.q.m.) KAZAKHSTAN. Junior synonym of rufescens: Trager, 2013: 510.

Unless otherwise noted the text for the remainder of this section is reported from the publication that includes the original description.

Type Material

Description

Worker

Trager (2013) - (N=41) HL 1.23–1.72 (1.59), HW 1.20–1.66 (1.51), SL 0.99–1.31 (1.22), ½ VeM 0–11 (2.41), ½ PnM 3–13 (6.8), WL 1.96–2.60 (2.37), GL 1.44–2.18 (2.13), HFL 1.36–1.92 (1.78), CI 90–99 (95), SI 77–88 (81), HFI 110–130 (1.18), FSI 136–155 (146), LI 3.23–4.32 (3.96), TL 4.67–6.98 (6.14).

Head subrectangular, its length greater than breadth; with conspicuous vertex pilosity (usually 6–12 setae) on most specimens from more western locations and no vertex pilosity (0–1 seta) on specimens from farther east; scape apex reaching about 1/4 the distance between eye and vertex corner, weakly clavate in the apical third, or gradually thickening apically; pronotum with (6)10–20 (25) erect setae; mesonotum with profile flat or very weakly convex for most of its length; propodeum evenly rounded; petiole high, its profile about equal in height to propodeum, petiole straight-sided, petiolar dorsum convex, not emarginate or weakly emarginate; first tergite densely pubescent, with numerous, bent or strongly flexuous, decumbent pilosity concentrated in anterior half of sclerite.

Head matte; mesonotum matte; gaster matte.

Color deep red (especially west) to orangey red (especially east) with weak to notable infuscation (deep, often purplish tinted, brown) of pleura, gaster and appendages in darker individuals.

Borowiec and Salata (2022) - Large, HL: 1.413-1.740 (mean 1.577); HW: 1.214-1.508 (mean 1.387); SL: 1.024-1.325 (mean 1.195); ML: 2.20-2,54; MW: 0.92-1.07. Color. Whole body from to reddish brown, sometimes body brown and appendages reddish brown, often sides of mesosoma darker, reddish brown to brown and mesosomal dorsum paler, reddish. Head. Slightly longer than wide, sides from almost parallel to slightly convex, occipital margin on sides rounded, in the middle straight. Clypeus microreticulate from slightly dull to slightly shiny, trapezoidal, its anterior margin straight with 10-12 very long setae and 2-4 short setae, central part with 6-8 long erected setae with short and sparse appressed hairs. Head strongly microreticulate, indistinctly dull, erected setae absent, gular area also lacking erected setae. Ventral sides of head close to lateral margin with 1-4 long erected setae. Frontal head without or with short, hardly visible appressed hairs, occipital and lateral surface with short, fine appressed hairs. Scape short, not reaching beyond the occipital margin, widening upward from 2/3 of its length, its surface microreticulate but shiny, with very short, moderately dense appressed hairs. Funicular segments elongate, the second funicular segment 2.4 times as long as wide, only slightly shorter than first segment and distinctly longer than the third segment, the rest of funicular segments clearly longer than broad. Eyes big, oval, 1.3 times as long as wide. Mandibles long and sickle-shaped, masticatory margin only minutely serrate without denticles. Mesosoma. Elongate, 2.4 times as long as wide, strongly microreticulate, indistinctly dull. In lateral view promesonotum regularly convex, metanotal groove deep, propodeum strongly convex with rounded top, pronotum with 0-6 long erected setae, mesonotum without setae, propodeum with up to two erected setae. The whole surface of mesosoma bearing short and sparse appressed pubescence. Waist and gaster. Petiolar scale thick with rounded top, its surface microreticulate with sparse, short, appressed pubescence, on sides with 1-3 long erected setae. Gaster shorter than mesosoma, distinctly microreticulated, from dull to indistinctly shiny, bearing short, dense, appressed pubescence but not covering surface, first tergite in front area with group of 8-12 thick, long erected setae and in front of posterior margin with row of long setae, second tergite across the middle and close to posterior margin with a row of long setae.

Etymology

Trager (2013) - Latreille coined this name from the Latin verbal form “rufescens”, meaning reddish or fading to red.

References

References based on Global Ant Biodiversity Informatics

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